Pharmacognosy

Biological source: Lemon grass oil is an essential oil derived from the leaves and stalks of the lemon grass plant (Cymbopogon citratus). The plant is a tropical grass native to Asia, and is widely cultivated for its fragrant leaves, which are used in cooking and as a source of essential oil. Family: Poaceae, also known as the grass family. This family is one of the largest and most widespread families of flowering plants, and includes a wide variety of grasses, cereals, and bamboo. Geographical source: Lemon grass oil is primarily sourced from India, Sri Lanka, and other parts of South Asia, where the plant is widely cultivated. It can also be found in other parts of Asia, Africa, and South America. Cultivation, Collection, and Preparation: Cultivation: Lemon grass is a tropical plant that prefers warm, humid conditions and rich, well-drained soil. It is propagated from cuttings or from seed. Collection: The leaves and stalks of the plant are harvested by cutting the plant at the base

  Biological source: Lemon peel, also known as Citrus limon, is the outer protective layer of the lemon fruit. It is a brightly colored, fragrant peel that is rich in essential oils and other beneficial compounds. Family : Rutaceae, also known as the Rue family. This family of flowering plants contains around 150 genera and around 1,400 species, and is known for producing a wide variety of medicinal and edible plants, including oranges, limes, and grapefruits. Chemical constituents: Vitamin C: Lemon peel contains high amounts of Vitamin C, a powerful antioxidant that can help to boost the immune system and protect against infections. Limonene: Lemon peel is a rich source of limonene, which is a compound found in the essential oils of citrus fruits. Limonene has been found to have anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer properties. Flavonoids: Lemon peel is also rich in flavonoids, which are a group of compounds known for their antioxidant properties. Citric acid: Lemon peel contains a high

 Biological source: Lanolin is a wax derived from the wool of sheep. It is a natural by-product of the sheep-shearing process and is obtained by a process called "scouring" the wool. lanolin is a wax and it is not consumed, it does not have any specific color, odor or taste. It is commonly used in cosmetics, personal care and pharmaceutical industry as a lubricant, moisturizer and excipient. Geographical source: Lanolin is produced in many countries around the world, including Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, and the United States. Cultivation, Collection and Preparation: Collection: Lanolin is obtained from sheep wool, which is collected during the shearing process. Preparation: The collected wool is cleaned in a process called "scouring" where it is washed and treated with chemicals to remove impurities. The cleaned wool is then treated with anhydrous ethanol to extract the lanolin. The lanolin is then purified, refined, and blended to produce a final product

Synonyms Indian tobacco, Wild tobacco Ben. – Bantamaku, Badanal; Guj. – Nali; Mai. – Kattupukaila; Mar. – Devnala; San. – Bibhishana. BS Lobelia consists of dried aerial parts of Lobelia nicotianaefolia Heyne. It contains not less than 0.55% of total alkaloids calculated as Lobeline. Family Lobeliaceae CC 1. Alkaloids in given below Lobeline Lobelidine Lobelanine Lobelanidine Isolobenine 2. It also contains pungent volatile oil, resin, gum and fixed oil. Uses spasmodic asthma chronic bronchitis. The physiological action is similar to that of nicotine. In case of resuscitation (Restoration to life of one apparently dead). It is use in respiratory stimulant.

Synonyms Mulethi, Radix glycyrrhizae, Licorice, Jethi Madh, Yashtimadhu, Glycyrrhiza BS It consists of subterranean peeled and unpeeled stolons, roots, and subterranean stems of Glycyrrhiza globra Linn. Family Leguminosae CC Bitter principle: glyceramarin Coumarin derivatives: Herniarin, umbelliferone. Asparase, β-sitosterol, starch, resin and malic acid Saponin glycosides: Glycyrrhizin and glycyrrhetic acid. Flavonoids: Liquiritin, liquiritigenin, isoliquiritin and isoliquiritigenin. Uses Tonic Laxative Spasmolytic agent. Anti-inflammatory agent. Cough and peptic ulcer. Diuretic and emollient property. Demulcent and expectorant. Chewing gums, chocolate candy, cigarette and chewing tobacco.

Synonyms Garlic, Rasun, Belluli, Vallaippundu BS consists of the fresh compound bulb of Allium sativum Linn. Family Liliaceae. CC Essential oil: (i) Alliin, a sulphur containing amino acid. (ii) Allicin- allyl sulphide. (iii) Polysulphide responsible for the unpleasant smell of the oil Vitamins: A, B, C and D Allyl propyl disulphide. Minerals: Calcium, Iron and Zinc Fatty acid, mucilage and albumin. Amino acid: Leucine, methionine, S-methyl cysteine, S-allyl cysteine. Uses Tonic Diuretic Analgesic Stimulant Antibacterial Anticonvulsant Aphrodisiac Piles and duodenal ulcer. Treatment of epilepsy. Reduce blood sugar level. Chronic bronchitis, bronchial asthma. Oil of garlic is used as an insecticide. l Used in hypertension and atherosclerosis (thickening of arterial wall). Carminative, gastric stimulant and aids in digest

Synonyms Flax seed. fixed oil BS It consists of the dried fully ripe seeds of Linum usitatissimum. Family Liliaceae CC The ripe seeds of linseed contain small quantitites of a cyanogenetic glycosides fixed oil (33-43%) proteins (25%) enzyme called linase Linamarin upon enzytmatic hydrolysis yields HCN which actualy renders the seeds highly poisonous. Uses Therapeutically, the linseed oil is mostly recommended for the external applications only; liiments and lotions. It is employed in the treatment of scabies and other skin disease in combination with pure flowers of sulphur. As the linseed oil has an inherent very high ‘iodine value’ it is used mostly in the preparation of non staining ‘Iodine Ointment’ and several other products such as: ‘Cresol with Soap’. Commercially, it is one of the most important ‘drying oil’; and, therefore, substan